Ok, so there are some obvious things to check, like whether or not the master server still exists and is online, whether there are any security issues between the two instances and so on. If you get to the stage that we were in where the master server doesn't know about the target server and the target server can't defect...well, this is what I did on the target server instance to resolve the issue:
1. Try force defection the standard way
EXEC dbo.sp_msx_defect @forced_defection = 1
if that fails...
2. Clear the MSXServerName registry key value
EXECUTE master.dbo.xp_instance_regwrite
N'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE',
N'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MSSQLServer\SQLServerAgent',
N'MSXServerName',
N'REG_SZ',
N''
3. Delete the MSXPollInterval registry key value
EXECUTE master.dbo.xp_instance_regdeletevalue
N'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE',
N'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MSSQLServer\SQLServerAgent',
N'MSXPollInterval'
4. Remove the entry from sqlagent_info
DELETE FROM msdb.dbo.sqlagent_info
WHERE (attribute = N'DateEnlisted')
5. Delete any master jobs
EXECUTE msdb.dbo.sp_delete_all_msx_jobs @current_msx_server, @jobs_deleted OUTPUT
6. Restart SQL Agent
7. Delete the MSXOperator SQL Agent Operator
EXECUTE msdb.dbo.sp_delete_operator @name = N'MSXOperator'
This worked for me but usual caveats apply.
Later dudes!